Tuesday, February 27 |
Session: Municipal Water & Wastewater 1Room: SeascapeModerator: Keith Bircher Planning a New WTP? Use UV to Save Cost Paul Swaim, CH2M 9:00-9:20 AM Planning a New WTP? Use UV to Save CostPaul Swaim, CH2M Jason Assouline, Todd Elliott, Joseph Zalla This presentation will illustrate recent projects in the Western USA in which the installation of UV disinfection reduced the overall construction cost for new ""greenfield"" water treatment plants. Two examples will be presented, one smaller (6 mgd) WTP and one larger (150 mgd) WTP. In each case, the installation of UV on the filter effluent piping allowed the downstream chlorine contact basin to be significantly reduced in size, reducing construction cost for the new WTP. Implementing UV Disinfection for Drinking Water Regulations and Multi-Barrier Public Health Protection Todd Elliott, CH2M 9:20-9:40 AM Implementing UV Disinfection for Drinking Water Regulations and Multi-Barrier Public Health ProtectionTodd Elliott, CH2M Tony Myers Over the last decade, hundreds of water systems in the US installed UV disinfection in response to USEPA Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and Stage 2 Disinfection By-Product regulations. Across the globe, UV disinfection is a common disinfection barrier. Despite its widespread adoption worldwide for potable water disinfection, many water systems still rely on filtration and chlorine disinfection for their primary pathogen barriers. For systems utilizing vulnerable or highly variable water sources (i.e. rivers), this may leave the water system at a higher risk for a waterborne illnesses or subject to more stringent LT2 treatment requirements due to elevated levels of pathogens in subsequent rounds of LT2 sampling. This presentation will provide several case studies from across the globe of water systems that have recently installed or have plans to install UV disinfection due to changing source water risk profiles or Cryptosporidium outbreaks. The presentation will describe the treatment alternatives evaluated, how and why UV disinfection was selected, and the cost and time frame for implementation. This presentation will provide valuable information to water system managers, consultants and equipment suppliers regarding what factors to consider when responding to regulations and changing source water pathogen risk. UV Disinfection of Cryptosporidium for Newly Reclassified Bin 2 Systems in Illinois Bryan Townsend, Black & Veatch 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM UV Disinfection of Cryptosporidium for Newly Reclassified Bin 2 Systems in IllinoisBryan Townsend, Black & Veatch Ben Freese and Beth Matthews The Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) requires water treatment facilities to conduct a second round of source water monitoring six years following the completion of the first round of sampling. Numerous systems have experienced increased Cryptosporidium detection in the second round of monitoring of raw, untreated water. The increased detection of Cryptosporidium has resulted in the reclassification of these facilities from Bin 1 to Bin 2, thus requiring additional treatment to provide an added 1 log inactivation of Cryptosporidium. The LT2ESWTR requires that public water systems needing additional treatment, including several drinking water facilities that are owned and operated by Illinois American Water (ILAW), must do so by using one or more of the treatment techniques from the “microbial toolbox” of options. Options investigated by ILAW included disinfection with ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light, with UV selected as the preferred technology in the Fall of 2017. Following completion of the preliminary designs, ILAW must complete the detailed design and construction in the next two and a half years, with the new UV disinfection facilities online prior to the Fall of 2020. This presentation will review the ILAW facilities that have been reclassified in Bin 2 as a result of the second round source water monitoring, including review of the source water and existing treatment processes, comparison of ozone and UV disinfection solutions and the preliminary UV system designs for at each facility for compliance with the LT2ESWTR. | Session: Validation and Lab ApproachesRoom: PeninsulaModerator: Oliver Laval The Ring Mask Project – Progress Report James Bolton, Bolton Photosciences Inc. 9:00-9:20 AM The Ring Mask Project – Progress ReportJames Bolton, Bolton Photosciences Inc. Jutta Edgars, Hadas Mamane-Steindel, Kumiko Oguma, Shawn Verhoeven In the current IUVA Collimated Beam Protocol, there are four correction factors (Petri Factor, Reflection Factor, Water Factor and Divergence Factor). Also it has been demonstrated that reflection from the inner side walls of the Petri dish can introduce errors. As a result of these factors, it was decided in 2016 to initiate an international collaboration called the Ring Mask Project. As long as the ring satisfies the requirement that x < rd/(D-d), where r is the radius of the dish and D is the distance from the solution surface to the UV lamp, all beams are blocked that would otherwise have hit the inner side walls of the Petri dish. The Ring Mask is designed to fit over the top of a 3.5 cm OD Petri dish. The ring mask contains a micro fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), which is calibrated using the KI/KIO3 actinometer. This allows the continuous determination of the absolute irradiance just under the surface of the water in the Petri dish throughout the exposure time. The only correction required to obtain the volume averaged fluence rate in the solution is the Water Factor. This presentation will contain reports from the various test centers concerning microbiological results using the ring mask. Impact of Various Lamp Intensity Measurement Methods on the End of Lamp Life (EOLL) of Low-pressure High-output Germicidal UV lamps Bruno Ferran, SUEZ 9:20-9:40 AM Impact of Various Lamp Intensity Measurement Methods on the End of Lamp Life (EOLL) of Low-pressure High-output Germicidal UV lampsBruno Ferran, SUEZ W. Yang, N. Fontaine A batch of 18 low-pressure high-output germicidal UV lamps was continuously aged between July 2012 and December 2015. Aging was conducted in accordance with the “Lamp Age Factor Testing” section inside the 2nd edition of the NWRI/AwwaRF “UV Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking and Water Reuse”. Lamps were measured both in air and water to evaluate the progressive change in UVC output over time. Lamp testing in air was conducted in accordance with the first protocol for testing the UV efficiency of low-pressure and low-pressure high-output UV lamps by the Manufacturers’ Council of the International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) published in 2008 (IUVA News Vol. 10 No. 1). Lamp testing in water was conducted using a single-lamp stainless steel UV reactor continuously fed with high transmittance temperature controlled water. Local UVC intensities were measured through water using an International Light IL1700 radiometer at five locations alongside the lamp axis covering the entire arc length of each test lamp. Intensity measurements in air and water were conducted at regular intervals throughout the aging and witnessed by a third party. The lamp aging factor (EOLL) was developed by comparison to reference (i.e. unaged) lamps to minimize experimental errors. This paper will present in details the protocols followed during this aging and the data obtained but most importantly this paper will demonstrate that lamp intensity measurements in air and water resulted in the same lamp aging factor at end of life. Not All Water Is Created Equal: The Effects of Water Characteristics on MS2 Stability and Dose Response Shawn Verhoeven, GAP EnviroMicrobial Services Ltd. 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM Not All Water Is Created Equal: The Effects of Water Characteristics on MS2 Stability and Dose ResponseShawn Verhoeven, GAP EnviroMicrobial Services Ltd. Linda Sealey, Jessica Patterson, Conrad Odegaard Ultraviolet (UV) reactors typically have their performance claims verified using a bioassay which involves running water spiked with a surrogate microbe, such as MS2 bacteriophage, through the system under a variety of flow, UVT and system power conditions, where the reduction of the surrogate is measured. Water characteristics are one condition that is often overlooked, but can drastically impact the results obtained during the validation. We show that testing in some waters appears to show UV light being very effective at disinfecting MS2, but a large portion of this reduction can be attributed to the water itself, and not the exposure to UV light. The only to detect this issue when validating a UV system would be by determining the dose response, using a collimated beam, of the influent, surrogate spiked, water. If the resulting dose response curve falls within the established limits for the surrogate being tested, then the performance claims for the validation are verified. Also, it isn’t acceptable to use the dose response curve that falls outside of the established limits, as we have shown that this inactivation may not be repeatable and can vary greatly over repeat exposures. It is very important to perform collimated beam testing with every validation and water type used and not rely on QC dose response curves as a means of assigning a dose. This ensures that variations in source water characteristics are captured in the validation testing. |
BREAK, 10:00-10:40 AM |
Session: Municipal Water & Wastewater 2Room: SeascapeModerator: Ludwig Dinkloh Comparison of two UV disinfection systems performances, operation and maintenance, and costs after the complete substitution of one parallel by one staggered, and 2 years of operation of each one Alvaro Irigoyen, Estudio Irigoyen 10:40 AM - 11:00 AM Comparison of two UV disinfection systems performances, operation and maintenance, and costs after the complete substitution of one parallel by one staggered, and 2 years of operation of each oneAlvaro Irigoyen, Estudio Irigoyen In 2010 the Uruguayan water and sanitation company, secured a contract for the construction of a new sewage system for the cities of Maldonado and Punta del Este with UV disinfection. The original solution was, a system with two banks in series of 11 modules and 18 lamps (LPHO) in each module with parallel lamps design. Following commissioning, the operators found that the technology originally selected did not perform in line with expectations of reduction, (99.9%) reduction in fecal coliform numbers. After depth studies the author and WEDECO team, finally recommend a 'best fit' solution to substitute the installed one.. The new system consists of 216 lamps in 1 channel (18 modules -12 lamps each, installed in six banks) transversal- staggered design. Designed under Bioaasy considerations. This study examines in depth both disinfection system designs, installation, startups, commissioning, maintenance and operation. After two years of working with each (parallel first and inclined now) we are in order to compare in depth the design and the efficiency of each one. The author made studies and comparison of: cost of installation, including cost of substitution, time and cost for startup and commissioning, cost and time of maintenance, and costs of disinfection including energy and spare parts. All of these relative to the performance of disinfection and in absolute values. Some big differences between both systems we are concluding is about the performance of disinfection after more than 15000 hours of operation and after EOLL. Actually we continue the studies with some other equipment (parallels), trying to give to those the same performance. LADWP's Los Angeles Reservoir UV Disinfection Facility: Comparing the World's Second and Third Largest UV Disinfection Facilities Christine Cotton, Arcadis; Ben Kuhnel, Alex Duchon, Kurt Wells, Richard Chang 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM LADWP's Los Angeles Reservoir UV Disinfection Facility: Comparing the World's Second and Third Largest UV Disinfection FacilitiesChristine Cotton, Arcadis; Ben Kuhnel, Alex Duchon, Kurt Wells, Richard Chang In 2014 the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) commissioned the world's second largest UV disinfection facility (the 600 MGD Dr. Pankaj Parekh UV Disinfection Facility, aka "UV1"), and is currently constructing what will become the next second largest UV disinfection facility, when commissioned in 2019 – the 650 MGD Los Angeles Reservoir UV Disinfection Facility (aka "UV2"). The most significant difference between these two facilities is that UV1, already in operation, is a "bock flow" or generally steady state flow facility with multiple flow monitoring locations that allow for a steady state flow control and treatment strategy. UV2 is unique in that it "floats in the system" meaning that it is a treatment facility that must react to distribution system flows. The presentation will cover the control strategy for the dynamic flow of this facility. UV Lamp Breakage: Investigation and Response Jennifer Osgood, CDM Smith; Chris Schulz, CDM Smith, Denver 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM UV Lamp Breakage: Investigation and ResponseJennifer Osgood, CDM Smith; Chris Schulz, CDM Smith, Denver Ultraviolet (UV) lamps generate ultraviolet light through the vaporization of elemental mercury. If an online lamp break occurs for a UV system installed in a municipal drinking water plant, mercury can be released and enter the distribution system, increasing public health risks to the water customer. Many regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada require a mercury release analysis be performed prior to regulatory approval of a UV disinfection systems to determine public health risks and the potential to exceed regulatory limits for mercury during an online lamp break event. Mercury limits are currently set at a concentration of 2 ug/L in the USA and 1 ug/L in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to present different dilution calculation methods for determining mercury concentrations in UV-treated water during an online lamp breakage event. The first method applies to UV systems which are followed by a finished water clearwell or storage reservoir prior to the first customer. The second method applies to UV systems which discharge directly into the distribution system, i.e., no finished water storage buffer between the UV system and the first customer. This paper will also present the results of a literature survey of lamp breakage incidents in the United States and standard operating procedures adopted by several utilities to respond to lamp breakage events. Systematic Investigations of an Underperforming UV Disinfection System for Wastewater: A Whodunnit Josh Goldman-Torres, CDM Smith; Chris Fahlin, CDM Smith 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM Systematic Investigations of an Underperforming UV Disinfection System for Wastewater: A WhodunnitJosh Goldman-Torres, CDM Smith; Chris Fahlin, CDM Smith When a UV system is not performing to specifications, a systematic investigation should be conducted to determine the cause of the problem. This presentation outlines an investigation that was undertaken to determine why a municipal wastewater UV disinfection system was not performing as intended. The UV system under investigation was running at 100% power all the time in order to meet disinfection requirements, and the facility was dosing chlorine immediately following UV disinfection to ensure that permit requirements would be met. Running in this configuration resulted in increased costs associated with an accelerated maintenance schedule for the UV system. This included extra cleanings and additional wear and tear on the system. There were also increased power costs, and costs associated with using the chlorine system. CDM Smith was engaged to determine the cause of the problem. A systematic investigation was undertaken to determine the cause of the UV system underperformance. Several lines of inquiry were followed simultaneously. A thorough analysis of data from the UV system was performed to correlate system performance with process variables. A site visit was conducted to confirm that the UV system was installed in such a way that was consistent with the design drawings and specifications. In addition, the installation was compared to the conditions noted in the bioassay. Through these investigations, several issues were identified that contributed to the system underperformance, and a plan of action was developed to address them. | Session: Water Reuse 1Room: PeninsulaModerator: Kati Bell UV-AOP 101 for Potable Reuse: Design Considerations and Practical Applications Nicole McLellan, Stantec Consulting Ltd; Nicole McLellan, Kati Bell, Melanie Holmer 10:40 AM - 11:00 AM UV-AOP 101 for Potable Reuse: Design Considerations and Practical ApplicationsNicole McLellan, Stantec Consulting Ltd; Nicole McLellan, Kati Bell, Melanie Holmer Potable reuse is becoming increasingly attractive as part of a diversified water supply portfolio for communities. For these applications, ultraviolet (UV) advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOP) are often implemented as a practical approach to achieving water quality treatment targets. The mechanism of UV-AOP treatment combines direct photolysis of contaminants and oxidation of organic compounds by free radicals, while simultaneously inactivating pathogens. While UV and chemical oxidation processes are technologies that most operators and utilities are already familiar with, there is less industry experience with coupling these technologies. UV-AOP can provide treatment for challenging constituents in de facto and indirect potable reuse applications such as geosmin, methylisoborneal (MIB), and toxins from harmful algae blooms. In all potable reuse applications, UV-AOP can be used to address emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and compounds such as NDMA and 1,4-dioxane which are proposed as candidates for regulation. Factors that affect design criteria for UV-AOP include: selection of chemical oxidant; UV lamp type (low- or medium-pressure); water quality characteristics such as pH and UV transmittance (UVT); plant hydraulics; and dose control strategies, among others. The chemical oxidants that have been used in UV-AOP applications for reuse are hydrogen peroxide (UV-H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (UV-Cl2). Residual oxidant must be considered during design, as most utilities will require the quenching of residual peroxide prior to distribution or discharge. A current knowledge gaps regarding UV-AOP applications for water reuse is developing an understanding of the potential for the formation of regulated and un-regulated toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Initial studies indicate that the formation potential of regulated DBPs is low during UV-AOP, though each water source should be studied to ensure regulatory compliance. This presentation will cover the basic mechanisms of UV AOP, and provide an overview of the research on related disinfection by products and toxicity that has been reported for both hydrogen peroxide and chlorine activated AOPs; additionally, a summary of outstanding research needs will be presented. UV Advanced Oxidation For Potable Reuse In California Brian Bernados, State of Ca Waterboard Division of Drinking Water 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM UV Advanced Oxidation For Potable Reuse In CaliforniaBrian Bernados, State of Ca Waterboard Division of Drinking Water The June 2014 groundwater replenishment and recharge regulations require Advanced Treatment for injection projects. Full Advanced Treatment is a set of processes designed to remove the organic chemicals (including Contaminants of Emerging Concern) that may pose a public health threat. Full Advanced Treatment includes Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP). Together these two processes form a multiple-barrier treatment for many contaminants. UV AOP is used to degrade any organics that pass through the Reverse Osmosis membrane, such as NDMA and 1,4-dioxane. UV AOP also treats for unknown chemicals and provides the multi-barrier treatment to ensure that the levels for NDMA and 1,4-dioxane will be below the Notification Levels. UV alone is effective for NDMA utilizing very high energy; but it cannot photolyze 1,4-dioxane or other organics effectively. Hydrogen peroxide is added upstream to create hydroxyl radicals in order to meet the 0.5-log reduction of 1,4 dioxane requirement. Monitoring is needed to ensure protection of public health, including, but not limited to, the identification of appropriate indicator and surrogate constituents. There are various approaches regarding monitoring of UV to achieve microorganisms, regulated organic chemicals, and emerging contaminant control for potable reuse. Typically, UV processes are monitored using online UVT. Another surrogate is power or energy applied per flow. Additionally the dose of hydrogen peroxide must be control. AOP requires such a large amount of energy that it is able to claim a log removal of six for viruses, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. UV Regulatory Framework in CA for Tertiary Reuse Brian Bernados, State of Ca Waterboard Division of Drinking Water 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM UV Regulatory Framework in CA for Tertiary ReuseBrian Bernados, State of Ca Waterboard Division of Drinking Water UV design and operation requirements are not specified in California regulations. That is because UV falls under the alternative treatment technology section of Title 22. Equivalency to 450 CT using chlorine must be demonstrated. Off-site validations have become the industry standard using the Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse, Third Edition (August 2012). Known as the NWRI Guidelines, it states, “The overall predictive model used for design and operation shall be derived using the lower 75-percent confidence prediction interval, making use of all of the inactivation results.” The NWRI Guidelines call for a UV dose of:
The 2012 edition was updated to specify what had become industry practice of on-site “spot-check” bioassays, which are required to check and ensure the installed reactor behaves like the validation. Hydraulic and short-circuiting issues have been found during on-site testing. Some onsite bioassays have indicated underperformance. This can be corrected by adding a conservative factor that ensures adequate disinfection. UV disinfection requires timely and proper maintenance to clean, maintain and properly operate. UV intensity decreases over time and it will depend on the specific lamp (default is 0.5, but testing can usually demonstrate much higher). A Fouling Factor (FF) is also typically used, because the sleeves get fouled, decreasing the amount of UV photons applied. A default FF is 0.8. It is often referred to as an End-of-Lamp-Life (EOLL) factor, which is tested and has a specific maximum hours of use. Expansion of the World's Largest Indirect Potable Reuse System Lee Portillo, Black & Veatch; Jeff Neemann, Lee Portillo, and Sandy Scott-Roberts 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM Expansion of the World's Largest Indirect Potable Reuse SystemLee Portillo, Black & Veatch; Jeff Neemann, Lee Portillo, and Sandy Scott-Roberts The Ground Water Replenishment System (GWRS) is the world’s largest water purification system for indirect potable reuse. GWRS is a joint project of the Orange County Water District (OCWD) and the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD). OCWD’s Advanced Water Treatment Facility (AWTF), located in Fountain Valley, CA, takes highly treated wastewater effluent that would otherwise be discharged into the Pacific Ocean and treats it with microfiltration, reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation with UV and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The finished water produced by GWRS supplements existing water supplies by providing a reliable, high-quality source of water to recharge the Orange County Groundwater Basin and to protect the Basin from further degradation due to seawater intrusion. The GWRS AWTF has been operating successfully since January 2008. The original GWRS design included a treatment capacity of 70 mgd with facility sizing and spacing for two phases of 30 mgd treatment capacity expansions to the AWTF. The initial expansion of the GWRS was completed in June 2015 and increased the AWTF treatment capacity from 70 mgd to 100 mgd. The GWRS is currently undergoing the final expansion which will increase the AWTF capacity to 130 mgd. The AWTF currently treats secondary effluent from OCSD’s Plant No. 1. The final expansion of the GWRS will incorporate additional source water from OCSD Plant No. 2, which has a different baseline water quality than Plant No. 1 and as a result could require modifications to the UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) at GWRS. This presentation will review the final expansion of the GWRS, including the investigations to determine the potential impact of the Plant No. 2 water quality on the treatment capacity of the current AWTF UV/H2O2 AOP facility and the requirements for successful expansion to 130 mgd. |
LUNCH, 12:00-1:20 PM
Session: AOPs 1Room: SeascapeModerator: Jens Scheideler Formate-Assisted Photochemical Denitrification: Synergistic Effect of Nitrate Photolysis with Highly Reductive formate Radicals Gongde Chen, University of California, Riverside; Haizhou Liu 1:20 PM - 1:40 PM Formate-Assisted Photochemical Denitrification: Synergistic Effect of Nitrate Photolysis with Highly Reductive formate RadicalsGongde Chen, University of California, Riverside; Haizhou Liu Extensive utilization of nitrogen-bearing fertilizers and inefficient nitrogen use resulted in unintended nitrate contamination in groundwater and eutrophication in surface water. Effective denitrification process becomes urgently required to balance the nitrogen cycle in aquatic system. Herein, a novel abiotic denitrification process has been demonstrated through tailoring photochemistry of nitrate and radical distribution with formate as the electron donor. Our finding revealed that UV-photolysis of nitrate in the presence of formate led to the initial formation of nitrite with subsequent transformation into gaseous nitrogen. Kinetic modelling with global fitting and sensitivity analysis unveiled the major reactions that controlled nitrogen removal kinetics and product distribution. Nitrate and the accumulated nitrite absorbed UV light and disproportionated into hydroxyl radicals and reduced nitrogen species (NO2· and NO·) Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals partially oxidized formate into highly reductive formate radicals (CO2·-) which further reduced NO2·, NO·, and HNO through consecutive one-electron transfer into gaseous nitrogen species (N2O and N2). Simultaneous nitrogen removal and formate depletion was achieved at the molar ratio of formate to nitrate of 3. The outcome of this study opens a new avenue to abate excess nitrogen in aquatic environment and provides insightful guidance on designing efficient treatment process for nitrogen removal. UV Advanced Oxidation and GAC Quenching for Treating 1,4-Dioxane and VOCs in Drinking Water from LADWP’s North Hollywood West Wellfield Michael Maxwell, Arcadis; Christine Cotton, James Collins, Nicole Blute, Mark Trudell, Kurt Wells, Todd Rother, Ani Siyahian 1:40 PM - 2:00 PM UV Advanced Oxidation and GAC Quenching for Treating 1,4-Dioxane and VOCs in Drinking Water from LADWP’s North Hollywood West WellfieldMichael Maxwell, Arcadis; Christine Cotton, James Collins, Nicole Blute, Mark Trudell, Kurt Wells, Todd Rother, Ani Siyahian Many Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) groundwater production wells in the San Fernando Basin (SFB) are impacted by contamination caused by various commercial and industrial activities. To restore the groundwater basin and ensure the supply of high quality renewable water resources for the City, LADWP is undertaking a program to evaluate and implement groundwater remediation throughout the SFB. This 10 year program of up to $600M will greatly improve local renewable water supplies for the City. Design of treatment for the first wellfield, North Hollywood West, is underway and illustrates the complexity of trying to implement treatment of the various contamination plumes given the extensive pumping activity within the basin. Challenges have included evaluation of contaminants of concern, treatment alternatives, and facility sizing given project uncertainties. Extensive modeling and treatability bench-scale testing have been completed to reduce the potential uncertainties and optimize criteria for treatment design. The results of the engineering evaluation has been the design of an innovative UV advanced oxidation treatment facility with granular activated carbon for peroxide quenching that will treat the primary contaminant of concern (i.e., 1,4-dioxane), as well as VOCs. Results on the production of by-products with AOP will also be discussed. UV/Chlorine Technology for the Treatment of Algal Toxins Xiaodi Duan, University of Cincinnati; Minghao Kong, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 2:00 PM - 2:20 PM UV/Chlorine Technology for the Treatment of Algal ToxinsXiaodi Duan, University of Cincinnati; Minghao Kong, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou Algal toxins, a class of potent toxic compounds produced by blue-green algae in harmful algal blooms, has become an emerging concern threatening human and environmental health. The most widely spread algal toxins are microcystins (MCs), which caused the city of Toledo to warn its residents against drinking tap water for more than two days in 2014. The established water treatment processes are insufficient for elimination of MCs, thus new technologies for the destruction of such toxins from water sources are in urgent need. In this presentation, details will be discussed on removal of MCs by integrating chlorination with germicidal UV irradiation. The results show that UV/chlorine is an efficient process with respect to generation of hydroxyl radicals and can work in a wider pH range than chlorination. Also, UV/chlorine process produces fewer amounts of chlorinated products and less cytotoxicity. The formation of regulated disinfection byproducts in filtered water by UV/chlorine is not higher than that by dark chlorination. Moreover, UV-LEDs with multiple wavelengths were tested and also effective in MCs removal. UV-AOP as an Additional Cyanotoxin and Microbial Barrier at the City of Celina, Ohio Scott Alpert, Hazen and Sawyer; Matthew Charles, PE (Hazen and Sawyer), Bret Casey, PE (Hazen and Sawyer), T. Michael Sudman (City of Celina, OH) 2:20 PM - 2:40 PM UV-AOP as an Additional Cyanotoxin and Microbial Barrier at the City of Celina, OhioScott Alpert, Hazen and Sawyer; Matthew Charles, PE (Hazen and Sawyer), Bret Casey, PE (Hazen and Sawyer), T. Michael Sudman (City of Celina, OH) The City of Celina, Ohio relies on a challenging raw water source, Grand Lake, as its sole water supply source. As a large but isolated water body, Grand Lake is a near ideal environment for toxin-producing cyanobacteria to thrive. Microcystins are present year-round at typical concentrations of 50 ug/L, and have peaked at 185 ug/L in the summer. Microcystin is well-controlled by the existing treatment process, but the City desired additional treatment barriers to protect against potential unknowns that may be present in the lake. A UV-AOP process was selected to accomplish these goals. UV-AOP is effective against contaminants that may not be well removed by existing processes, and provides an additional barrier against pathogens. It can also be brought online within minutes if needed. The key challenges involved in implementing this system included limited space available for installation and a short design and construction time frame. To meet these challenges, the City, Hazen, and UV-AOP system vendors collaborated to design a system to achieve 4-log virus reduction, 1-log microcystin-LR, and 0.5-log MIB reduction. To compress project time, the project was bid out as an evaluated request for proposals (RFP) instead of a traditional design-bid-build process. Vendor selection was based on life cycle costs of the process. This project is unique in that the City is self-installing the UV-AOP equipment and directly subcontracting out installation of the electrical and instrumentation components. Construction will be completed prior to the end of 2017. | Innovative Approaches for UV Reactor Validation: A Review of the US EPA’s Upcoming Report 1Room: PeninsulaModerator: Bryan Townsend EPA Introduction, IUVA’s role in process and current status Jeff Adams, EPA & Keith Bircher, Calgon Carbon 1:20 PM - 1:40 PM EPA Introduction, IUVA’s role in process and current statusJeff Adams, EPA & Keith Bircher, Calgon Carbon The combined variable and new Calculated Dose Monitoring approach Harold Wright, Carollo Engineers 1:40 PM - 2:00 PM The combined variable and new Calculated Dose Monitoring approachHarold Wright, Carollo Engineers An Assessment of the Combined Variable Approach Yuri Lawryshyn, University of Toronto 2:00 PM - 2:20 PM An Assessment of the Combined Variable ApproachYuri Lawryshyn, University of Toronto Panel Discussion 2:20 PM - 2:40 PM Panel Discussion |
BREAK, 2:40-3:20 PM |
Session: LEDs and Other UV Sources 1Room: SeascapeModerator: Sequential LED and excimer lamp exposures for viral UV disinfection Natalie Hull, CU Boulder; Karl Linden 3:20 PM - 3:40 PM Sequential LED and excimer lamp exposures for viral UV disinfectionNatalie Hull, CU Boulder; Karl Linden The UV disinfection action spectra of many infectious agents and their surrogates show increased sensitivity at wavelengths below 240 nm, and a secondary peak in sensitivity at wavelengths near 260 nm. This is especially relevant for hard-to-disinfect pathogens, such as viruses. Mercury-free sources such as KrCl excimer lamps (K) emitting at 222 nm and light emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting at nominal peak wavelengths of 255, 265, or 285 nm effectively target these regions of increased sensitivity. In this study, MS2 bacteriophage disinfection was measured after exposure to an excimer lamp (K), light emitting diodes (LEDs), or a conventional low pressure (LP) mercury lamp emitting at 254 nm. UV sources were tested individually or in sequential combination. For a given dose, K was more than twice as effective as LP and the 255 and 265 nm LEDs were also more effective than LP, in agreement with the action spectrum of MS2. When dose responses from individual UV sources were used to predict disinfection from sequential exposures, MS2 disinfection was best predicted when samples were exposed first to the K or LP lamps. When first exposed to LEDs, the sequential inactivation performance was slightly lower than predicted from individual dose-responses. These results indicate that combinations of wavelength-specific UV sources that target wavelengths of greatest spectral sensitivity can predictably be designed while considering electrical efficiencies and practical feasibility to improve UV disinfection. Vacuum UV Photolysis of Nitrate-containing Water and the Effect of Water Matrix on Formation of Nitirte Mengqi Han, University of British Columbia; Madjid Mohseni 3:40 PM - 4:00 PM Vacuum UV Photolysis of Nitrate-containing Water and the Effect of Water Matrix on Formation of NitirteMengqi Han, University of British Columbia; Madjid Mohseni Vacuum-UV (VUV) is a chemical-free advanced oxidation process (AOP) that has shown great promises for the degradation of micropollutants in drinking water supplies. Earlier research in our group has demonstrated the effective degradation of a range of micropollutants, and investigated the impacts of various solutes and operating conditions on the efficacy of the process. A commonly found solute that might have significant impact on the process is nitrate. Upon irradiation with lower wavelength UV and VUV, nitrate may result in the formation of nitrite. Given that nitrate and nitrite have been identified as potentially harmful compounds, their presence and formation are an important issue of concern during the VUV process, and warrant further research. This research focused on understanding the effect of water matrix including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), sulphate, and chloride on the potential formation of nitrite in a nitrate-containing water during treatment with VUV AOP. Experimental work involved kinetic studies using a custom-made bench top UV/VUV collimated beam set-up, equipped with a nitrogen purged chamber to avoid VUV photons being absorbed by oxygen. Water containing solutes of interests at different concentrations was irradiated and samples were collected for analysis at set intervals, corresponding to fluences of up to 1000 mJ/cm2. The results indicate increases of nitrite formation with increasing the concentration of DOC in water. The effect of DIC is only pronounced at very high DIC concentration, where it resulted in lower formation of nitrite. When both DOC and DIC are present in water, DOC has a dominant effect on nitrite formation. In this presentation, we elaborate on these results as well as the effects of other solutes such as chloride and sulphate, and the mechanisms around the competition between chlorine radicals and OH radicals and their effects on nitrite formation. All these will provide the scientific and engineering communities with information and tools necessary for the proper application of VUV advanced oxidation in water treatment applications. Micro-organic pollutant removal by VUV/UV process: Bench- and pilot-scale studies Mengkai Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Laxiang Yang, Zhimin Qiang 4:00 PM - 4:20 PM Micro-organic pollutant removal by VUV/UV process: Bench- and pilot-scale studiesMengkai Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Laxiang Yang, Zhimin Qiang The VUV/UV mercury lamp can emit both 185 and 254 nm beams simultaneously, namely VUV/UV irradiation, and has a similar manufacturing and operational cost as compared to the low-pressure mercury lamp. Thus, it has been regarded as an efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP) concerning disinfection and micro-organic pollutant removal in water. In this work, the removal of five selected pesticides, including aldicarb (ALD), alachlor (ALA), chloroneb (CHL), methiocarb (MET) and atrazine (ATR) by VUV/UV process were investigated in deionized water and simulated drinking waters on both bench and pilot scales. Bench-scale results show that all five pesticides degraded rapidly under VUV/UV irradiation. The second-order reaction rate constant between hydroxyl radical and each pesticide was determined by using VUV/UV irradiation. Natural organic matter and inorganic anions, such as Cl‒, NO3‒ and HCO3‒, decrease the degradation rate by scavenging HO•, while SO42‒ promoted the process slightly by producing oxidative SO4‒ •. The results of pilot-scale study in a drinking water treatment plant in rural area indicate that the removal efficiencies of all the pesticides reached 90% or above except ATR at a flow rate of 1.32 m3 h‒1. Two-month practical operation shows that the treatment efficiency of a VUV/UV reactor without sleeve cleaning did not have an obvious attenuation, indicating that the sleeve fouling may not have a serious impact as conventional UV reactors. The Electrical Energy-per-Order value was determined to be 1.01 kWh m‒3 Order‒1 in natural water. This work shows that the VUV/UV process has technical and economic feasibility for the trace-organic pollutant removal in small-scale water treatment apparatus. Glass Optics for UVC LED Applications Brian Jasenak, Kopp Glass 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM Glass Optics for UVC LED ApplicationsBrian Jasenak, Kopp Glass UVC LEDs are becoming widely used for the disinfection of surfaces or for testing sample exposure to UVC energy. For example, in laboratories, bacteria and other viruses are tested for reactions to UVC irradiation and in hospitals, surfaces are disinfected to maintain safe, clean environments. In all applications, testing or disinfection must be completed under uniform intensity in order to achieve consistent UV dose and reliable results. UVC LEDs have created an opportunity to utilize new, exciting testing products that cannot be matched with outdated mercury lamp devices. The UV LED systems are compact, reliable, consistent, and versatile allowing designers to select specific wavelength regions and create custom LED devices. Efficient optical components are necessary to ensure the UVC energy is distributed uniformly on the target surface. Molded UV glass optics can be paired with UVC LED arrays to help produce homogenized irradiance distributions while keeping the UVC LEDs close to the target surface to maintain a high level of irradiance. A case study was completed to demonstrate the abilities of glass optics. Two optics are considered: One optic is ideal for irradiating rectangular areas while the other is used for circular areas. The optics are discussed in terms of their optical performance regarding uniformity and irradiance. The benefits of molded optics for UVC LED applications are discussed and demonstrated through simulated ray trace analysis. | Innovative Approaches for UV Reactor Validation: A Review of the US EPA’s Upcoming Report 2Room: PeninsulaModerator: Calculated Dose Approach for MP systems with “low” and “high” wavelength sensors Christian Bokermann, Xylem, Inc. 3:20 PM - 3:40 PM Calculated Dose Approach for MP systems with “low” and “high” wavelength sensorsChristian Bokermann, Xylem, Inc. UV Dose Monitoring that Does Not Require a UVT Monitor Harold Wright, Carollo Engineers 3:40 PM - 4:00 PM UV Dose Monitoring that Does Not Require a UVT MonitorHarold Wright, Carollo Engineers System requirements, validated limits and required proofs for application Bryan Townsend, Black & Veatch 4:00 PM - 4:20 PM System requirements, validated limits and required proofs for applicationBryan Townsend, Black & Veatch Panel Discussion 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM Panel Discussion |
Wednesday, February 28 |
Session: Water Reuse 2Room: SeascapeModerator: Keith Bircher Designing Reuse Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems by the Book! Bill Sotirakos, Carollo Engineers, Inc.; Andrew Salveson 9:00-9:20 AM Designing Reuse Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems by the Book!Bill Sotirakos, Carollo Engineers, Inc.; Andrew Salveson Designing ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems has evolved over time since the technology was first developed. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, different UV disinfection systems used the same lamp types and some even the same lamp spacing. UV manufacturers would also validate their equipment using the same surrogate organism, Bacillus subtilis spores, which allowed for a fair comparison of the different UV systems. Today, UV systems vary dramatically. Different open-channel UV system configurations include horizontal (with and without mixing), vertical, inclined, and pseudo-pressurized. Lamp power levels range from 40 W to 1,000 W. Validations also vary, including the surrogate organisms used in validation testing: MS2 coliphage (MS2) or T1 coliphage (T1). The method used to determine the UV dose has evolved from the calculated dose method to the third-party validated dose method and this now represents the only method to accurately design a UV system. For States like California and Florida that follow the National Water Research Institute (NWRI) UV Guidelines, UV system sizing has been simplified for the design engineer. However, for other States that are implementing water reuse, such as Arizona, South Carolina and Texas, UV system design methodologies are not well defined. This work compares the different design methodology for water reuse UV systems that follow the NWRI UV Guidelines with those that don’t and utilizes design case studies to illustrate the approach. The lessons learned are outlined and are applicable to other wastewater and water reuse facilities, and present a new standard, “by the book” method to designing a UV disinfection system that is both technically sound and accurately sized. UV photolysis of chloramines and its implication on the design of water reuse treatment Haizhou Liu, University of California, Riverside; Samuel Patton, Lucy Li 9:20-9:40 AM UV photolysis of chloramines and its implication on the design of water reuse treatmentHaizhou Liu, University of California, Riverside; Samuel Patton, Lucy Li Ultraviolet-driven advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOP) are becoming increasingly important for potable water reuse to remove trace chemical contaminants from wastewater effluent. This seminar will discuss the unique aqueous photochemistry of the overlooked but important chloramines for water reuse applications. Membrane treatment processes including microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are employed prior to any UV/AOP in water reuse facilities. Chloramines are deliberately generated in the feed water to minimize membrane biological fouling. Because of their small molecular size and neutral charge, chloramines easily diffuse through RO membranes, and subsequently will undergo photolysis in the UV/AOP. We investigated the efficiencies of chloramines in degrading 1,4-dioxane under low-pressure UV lamp photolysis. The photolysis of chloramines produced amine and halide radicals, which further transformed to a series of reactive radical species that assist the contaminant degradation. The presence of dissolved oxygen further decreased the reactivity. This study shows that the presence of chloramines in UV/AOP as carry-over chemical residuals from membrane treatment processes can also be harnessed as an oxidant beneficial to water reuse. We are also currently conducting pilot-scale photochemical experiments utilizing chloramine photolysis with our industrial partners. Considering the perspective of potable water reuse, an efficient utilization of chloramine photochemistry can lead to a more sustainable water management. Developing the Design Basis for the World’s Largest Full-Scale UV/HOCl AOP System David Hokanson, Trussell Technologies Inc.; Y. Qu, A. Pisarenko, S. Trussell, A. Van 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM Developing the Design Basis for the World’s Largest Full-Scale UV/HOCl AOP SystemDavid Hokanson, Trussell Technologies Inc.; Y. Qu, A. Pisarenko, S. Trussell, A. Van The full-scale design of the City of San Diego’s North City Pure Water Facility (NCPWF), a 30 million gallon per day advanced water treatment facility for potable reuse, has benefited from a series of design pilot studies conducted at the City’s one million gallon per day Demonstration Pure Water Facility (DPWF). One of the unit operations in the advanced treatment train is the UV-based advanced oxidation process (UV/AOP) that must comply with the State of California’s stringent potable reuse regulations. Selecting and designing the best UV/AOP for the NCPWF posed key challenges including verifying that hypochlorous acid-based advanced oxidation (UV/HOCl) is equally or more effective than hydrogen peroxide-based advanced oxidation (UV/H2O2). The pilot study compared UV/HOCl to UV/H2O2 to provide target removal of N-nitrosodimethyl amine (NDMA) and 1,4-Dioxane while verifying that UV/HOCl does not result in significant increased rate of formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Additionally, UV/HOCl and UV/H2O2 were compared to determine the most cost-effective solution for the NCPWF. Other key factors were evaluated regarding long-term corrosion potential of free chlorine on the UV reactor; evaluation of chlorine breakpoint reactions; and critical control points and instrumentation requirements. Results of the DPWF pilot study will be provided including how this impacted the basis of design for the full-scale equipment selection for the first ever indirect potable reuse project in California that will augment surface water supplies for drinking water treatment. | Session: UV ApplicationsRoom: PeninsulaModerator: Nicole McLellan UV-C emergency kit for critical condition Giuseppe Spataro, University of Siena; Spataro Giuseppe, Cevenini Gabriele, Burgassi Sandra, Cardaci Maria Rosa, Nante Nicola, Tani Marco, Messina Gabriele 9:00-9:20 AM UV-C emergency kit for critical conditionGiuseppe Spataro, University of Siena; Spataro Giuseppe, Cevenini Gabriele, Burgassi Sandra, Cardaci Maria Rosa, Nante Nicola, Tani Marco, Messina Gabriele Background: Lack of a high level of disinfection/sterilization may occur in critical conditions, emergency or remote places and, consequently, are life-threatening.. WHO best practices guideline on emergency surgical care in disaster situations are based on “standard” methods of disinfection/sterilization. Although they are effective, require procedures made of several steps which may be incompatible with time. The aim of the research is to test a portable and practical UV-C LED device for an high level of disinfection/sterilization. Methods: A pilot crossover study with a pre/post comparison was conducted in November 2017 in Laboratories of the University of Siena. A reactor with several sources of UV-C Led light was designed for containing surgical instruments. The device has a battery which may be charged by a solar panel or a micro usb socket. The instruments were polluted with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens. Instruments were contaminated with 20 μl of solution at 1,5 103 CFU / μl and treated with UV-C radiation for 10 minutes. Samples were taken with sterile swabs, shaken in 3ml of phosphate buffered saline solution and 100μl were seed in selective soil. CFUs were incubated at 36°C for 48h. Results: The controls had an average bacterial charge of Staphylococcus aureus of 81 (SD 79) CFU / 100 μl; 41,8 (SD 28,7) CFU / 100 μl of Enterococcus faecalis, 3,5 (SD 1,7) CFU / 100 μl of ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 61,8 (SD 14,8) CFU / 100 μl of Serratia marcescens. No bacterial growth occurred in any of the treated samples. Conclusions: The device provides a high disinfection level in 10 minutes. The pocket size of the device makes possible to easily carry it and the possibility to recharge the battery using solar light makes possible to use it in remote places where the electric lines are not available. The effect of Landfill Leachate on POTW Effluent UV Transmissibility Patrick Stanford, Rochem Americas, Inc.; David LaMonica, Bernie Rieder 9:20-9:40 AM The effect of Landfill Leachate on POTW Effluent UV TransmissibilityPatrick Stanford, Rochem Americas, Inc.; David LaMonica, Bernie Rieder Landfill Leachate is the liquid from precipitation and liquids in the incoming trash that seems through the waste mass. To prevent groundwater contamination leachate must be collected and properly disposed of. Landfills are always looking for the most economical disposal option. Often this is either sewer discharge or via trucking to a sewage treatment plant. Unfortunately, many leachates contain low molecular weight organic compounds that act as UV quench agents, greatly decreasing the UVt of sewer effluent. Even very low percentages of leachate when mixed with sewer effluent will result in insufficient UVt to ensure adequate disinfection. This paper will present data on the UVt of both city water and sewer effluent mixed with raw leachate and membrane pretreated leachate. The data shows that for this particular leachate and sewage system, that Reverse Osmosis was the only membrane technology that could remove the UV quench agent and allow a reasonable UVt and discharge to the sewer. This paper will provide sewage plants that accept landfill leachate with real world information on the possibility of current or future leachate to effect UV disinfection in the plant. It will provide suppliers of UV equipment and consultants with information on the impact of organic materials on the performance of UV disinfection equipment, and allow them to provide better service to their customers. Synergistic Evaluation of the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage and Murine Norovirus in Secondary Wastewater Effluent by Peracetic Acid-UV Combined Treatment Joseph Jacangelo, Stantec and Johns Hopkins University ShihChi Weng, Nathan Dunkin, Kellogg J. Schwab, James McQuarrie, Kati Bell 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM Synergistic Evaluation of the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage and Murine Norovirus in Secondary Wastewater Effluent by Peracetic Acid-UV Combined TreatmentJoseph Jacangelo, Stantec and Johns Hopkins University ShihChi Weng, Nathan Dunkin, Kellogg J. Schwab, James McQuarrie, Kati Bell The potential use of peracetic acid (PAA) in combination with UV irradiation (UV) has been well acknowledged, but the potential synergies using them together has not been well documented. Thus, a study on the infectivity reduction of murine norovirus (MNV) was undertaken to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of PAA or UV alone and in combination using undisinfected secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater reclamation facility (MWW) and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7. Experiments employing MS2 bacteriophage were also performed in parallel for comparison purposes. MS2 infectivity reduction was found to be lower than MNV infectivity reduction for each condition studied. These data suggest that MS2 is not an appropriate surrogate to accurately predict the reduction of MNV infectivity. UV irradiation, in a dose range of 5 - 250 mJ/cm2, provided linear log inactivation with a regression slope (cm2mJ-1) of 0.031-0.034 and 0.165-0.202 for MS2 and MNV, respectively. UV irradiation provided similar inactivation for MS2 and MNV in both suspensions (PBS or MWW). Low infectivity reduction of MS2 was observed when PAA was used alone at a practical dose of 1.5 mg/L and below. In PAA+UV experiments, greater synergistic effects were found in PBS than in MWW. Results of OH• radical formation experiments suggest the presence of radical scavengers in MWW, which resulted in less opportunity for MNV and MS2 to encounter OH• radicals. This study also demonstrated that the water matrix can have a substantial impact on wastewater disinfection when employing PAA or PAA+UV treatment. |
BREAK, 10:00-10:40 AM |
Session: LEDs and Other UV Sources 2Room: SeascapeModerator: UV-C LED and When Will it Be Primetime in Wastewater Gary Hunter, Black & Veatch; Ray Ehrard and Oliver Lawall 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM UV-C LED and When Will it Be Primetime in WastewaterGary Hunter, Black & Veatch; Ray Ehrard and Oliver Lawall In the wastewater industry, energy and operation costs are major factors in selection of a disinfection technology. UV-C LED systems are based on a solid-state technology, which generally tends to operate with low electrical consumption and less relative space to conventional technology. A comparison of LED UV to UV systems applied to wastewater indicating that there was large cost savings for this technology as applied to wastewater systems. An UV-C LED pilot study is ongoing at Mill Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. This wastewater facility is an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant that is highly impacted by wet weather flows that currently uses hypochlorite for disinfection of the treated effluent. The UV-C LED system would acts as a disinfection step after secondary treatment replacing the hypochlorite system. The main focus of this study is to understand the performance, limitations, and challenges of LED UV in the wastewater environment with aspirations of a future large-scale system. The factors that will be looked at are disinfection efficacy, energy use, operating cost, and life-cycle cost. The results from the pilot will feed into eventually a municipal system design using UV-C LEDs, decreasing not only the costs and maintenance of the systems but also harmful chemical usage almost negligible compared to current consumption. This presentation provides an update to ongoing data being collected at the facility. Using the results from the Mill Creek study the paper will address the impacts of deploying new technologies. New technologies often begin life at very high cost and low accessibility to some markets. There are often limits in place that prevent fully utilizing newer technology; but, over time costs come down, availability increases and new possibilities open up. Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology can be seen to follow the same path. This technology has been used for applications such as sensors and low-flow water treatment products but not much more. It is the premise that advancements in output power and efficiency of UV-C LEDs will see it grow into new markets – including city level water treatment. The paper will present an economic case study to answer the question when UV LED will be deployed in the water and wastewater markets. UV-C LED Devices and Systems: Current and Future State Molly McKain, AquiSense Technologies; Jennifer Pagan, Oliver Lawal, Jim Cosman 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM UV-C LED Devices and Systems: Current and Future StateMolly McKain, AquiSense Technologies; Jennifer Pagan, Oliver Lawal, Jim Cosman UV-C LEDs were once considered an embryonic technology suitable for research, decades away from actual implementation into systems and devices. This situation has rapidly changed and they are now being incorporated into our daily lives. As time goes on, these tiny devices will revolutionize infection prevention strategies for water, air, and surface disinfection. This presentation will provide an overview of UV-C LED technologies for water disinfection. The discussion will focus on the diodes utilized; the reactors built around them; and how the systems differ from ‘traditional’ UV systems. Success stories of what has been accomplished to-date will also be shared along with the history that led to these achievements. In addition to the current status of UV-C LED technology, the fast approaching future will be explored. One intriguing aspect is what impact LEDs will have on future system development. This technology will be suitable for future municipal systems, with full-scale pilot systems already being tested in Europe and Asia. Perhaps the more interesting prospects, though, are in places traditional UV technology cannot go. For example, LED-based disinfection is being implemented on multiple space programs with launch dates within the next two years. There are multiple applications for the technology, such as water treatment and hydroponic food growth. The end goal is to use the technology to not just get astronauts to Mars, but to help them survive on the planet as well. On a broader scale, UV-C LED technology is now moving into high volume “point-of-use” products, such as water coolers, white goods, automobiles and various surface disinfection products. This is showing the technology is partly disruptive and partly constructive. Effect of pulsed irradiation by UV-LEDs on water disinfection Kai Song, University of British Columbia; Fariborz Taghipour, Madjid Mohseni 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM Effect of pulsed irradiation by UV-LEDs on water disinfectionKai Song, University of British Columbia; Fariborz Taghipour, Madjid Mohseni Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) is an emerging UV source and has a number of features that do not exist in commonly used mercury based UV lamps. One example is the ability to turn the radiation on and off with a high frequency, which enables pulsed irradiation with flexible pulse patterns by UV-LEDs. Conventional xenon lamps pulsed irradiation has been reported to be more effective for inactivation than mercury lamps continuous irradiation, which implies UV-LEDs pulsed irradiation may also have potentially additional effect on inactivation. In this study, the inactivation of different microorganisms by continuous and pulsed irradiation was investigated using UV-LEDs, in order to assess this unique feature of UV-LEDs and distinguish the effect of pulsation on inactivation, as well as explore the potential benefits of UV-LEDs pulsed irradiation for water disinfection. The analysis was based on the equivalent UV fluence between continuous and pulsed irradiation using two types of actinometry (iodide-iodate and ferrioxalate) for UV fluence determination. The disinfection study involved inactivation of E. coli and coliphage MS2 in laboratory water, as well as E. coli and total coliform in wastewater. The effects of pulse patterns including frequency and duty rate on the inactivation effectiveness were also examined for these microorganisms. The findings in this study were compared with those of conventional xenon lamps pulsed irradiation studies, which not only distinguished the role of pulsed UV irradiation on microorganisms inactivation, but also revealed more features of UV-LEDs pulsed irradiation with important implications on the development and application of high output UV-LEDs for water disinfection. | Session: AOPs 2 and Reactor DesignRoom: PeninsulaModerator: Ron Hofmann Oxidation of IM explosives by UV/H2O2 and photo-fenton processes Amalia Terracciano, Stevens institute of Technology; Christos Christodoulatos, Benjamin Smolinski, Per Arienti, Xiaoguang Meng* 10:40 AM - 11:00 AM Oxidation of IM explosives by UV/H2O2 and photo-fenton processesAmalia Terracciano, Stevens institute of Technology; Christos Christodoulatos, Benjamin Smolinski, Per Arienti, Xiaoguang Meng* Insensitive munitions (IM) have attracted tremendous attention because of their greater resistance to unintentional detonation; thus they have been increasingly adopted as a replacement for traditional munitions, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). With various formulations of IM developed (e.g.,IMX-101, IMX-104, PAX-48, PAX-21, PAX-41), the wastewater streams resulting from manufacturing processes need to be treated prior discharge off facilities limits. The wastewater usually carries a variety of explosive residuals such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) which are the main ingredients in most of IM formulations; NTO and NQ are usually present in higher concentrations due to their greater solubility (12 and 6 g•L-1), while DNAN and RDX concentrations are on average in the range of 400-100 mg•L-1. In the present study, wastewater streams from production of IM were treated using UV/H2O2 oxidation which is one of the most common advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The degradation kinetic of the IM constituents (NTO, NQ, RDX and DNAN) was observed in details under different treatment conditions (H2O2 concentrations, pH) following quantification of the carbon/nitrogen by-products. The photo-Fenton process was also applied to compare its oxidation efficiency with the UV/H2O2 oxidation and the effect of different ferrous concentrations (Fe(II)) on the degradation process was observed as well. The results showed that all target compounds were removed after 15 hours of continuous exposure to UV with 3200 mg•L-1 of H2O2 and no significant dependence on the initial pH; however, the addition of at least 20 mg•L-1 Fe(II) obtained a faster and more complete mineralization of the energetic compounds. The organic carbon from the IM constituents was converted to CO2 up to 95% in the UV/H2O2 system and 99% in the photo-Fenton system while at least 60% of the organic nitrogen was converted to nitrate ions on both processes. The outcomes of this study provides encouraging and insightful basis for the application of the UV/H2O2 oxidation and photo-Fenton process in the treatment of energetic-laden wastewater streams. Degradation of micropollutants by UV/breakpoint chlorination process Ehsan Aghdam, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Yingying Xiang, Chii shang 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM Degradation of micropollutants by UV/breakpoint chlorination processEhsan Aghdam, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Yingying Xiang, Chii shang The UV/chlorine process is regarded as an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) for the abatement of recalcitrant micropollutants. However, when the UV/chlorine process is applied to ammonia-containing water, a portion of the dosed free chlorine is consumed by ammonia and a mixture of chlorine and chloramines is formed during breakpoint chlorination, which thus alters the UV/chlorine process to a UV/breakpoint chlorination process. To investigate the radical yields and mircropollutant degradation by the UV/breakpoint chlorination process, degradation of benzoic acid (BA), a model micropollutant, under varied conditions was studied. The results showed that breakpoint chlorination took place in the first 5 minutes and gave 23% BA degradation in the absence of UV light at pH 7. The UV/breakpoint chlorination process gave 33% BA degradation after the first 5 minutes and continuously degraded 70% BA after 40 min. The overall degradation rate of BA increased with increasing initial ammonia concentration from 1 to 5 mg/L as N. On the other hand, higher concentrations of chlorine did not enhance the degradation due to the radial scavenging effect of excess chlorine species. With increased pH from 6 to 8, the degradation percentage of BA decreased from 31% to 12%. The results of this study demonstrate the complexity of chloirne-ammonia and radical chemistry in the operation of the UV/chlorine process in ammonia-containing water in real-world applications. Scaling of UV Dose Distributions - Implications for UV Validation Harold Wright, Carollo Engineers; Ed Wicklein 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM Scaling of UV Dose Distributions - Implications for UV ValidationHarold Wright, Carollo Engineers; Ed Wicklein USEPA released the draft report, “Innovative Approaches for Validation of Ultraviolet Disinfection Reactors For Drinking Water Systems."" The document describes the validation and implementation of UV dose monitoring algorithms that use a combined variable, defined as the relative lamp output (S/S0) divided by flow (Q) and the UV sensitivity of the microbe (DL). And underlying assumption of the approach is that the UV dose distribution delivered by a UV reactor at a given UVT scales with S/S0/Q. This presentation provides theoretical and experimental evidence that supports this assumption. Scalability by the relative lamp output is shown as an outcome of optical physics used to define UV intensity fields throughout reactors. Scalability by flow is shown using CFD-based UV dose models where the UV dose distribution predicted at one flowrate scales to that predicted at another flowrate. This scaling is shown for LP and MP reactors with lamps oriented perpendicular and parallel to flow. Data is also shown that CFD conducted at one flowrate predicts the log inactivation measured during validation with an accuracy comparable to validation equations. Last, validation datasets are analyzed showing scalability by the combined variable. The presentation concludes with an analysis of the benefits of using the combined variable. Those benefits include more accurate UV dose monitoring, ability to directly predict pathogen log inactivation without using noisy validation test microbes like B. Pumilus and A. Niger, elimination of the RED bias factor, and improved public health protection. An Assessment of the Combined Variable Approach with Second Order Disinfection Kinetics Yuri Lawryshyn, University of Toronto 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM An Assessment of the Combined Variable Approach with Second Order Disinfection KineticsYuri Lawryshyn, University of Toronto The combined variable, defined as the ratio of the power output percent (based on sensor readings) divided by the flow rate and organism sensitivity, has been shown to provide a strong linear relationship between it and the log inactivation of a given UV reactor. The combined variable approach (CVA) stems from the fact that the log inactivation (LogI) for a single microbial path will be directly proportional to the UV lamp intensity and inversely proportional to the flow rate and organism sensitivity. In our previous work we developed numerical experiments using both a conceptual theoretical reactor model and a realistic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based reactor model to test the validity of the approach. We showed that with appropriate quality control, the CVA has merit for UV reactor performance estimation. However, one aspect of the approach that has not yet been considered is the impact of second order kinetics. In this work we utilize our models to explore the effect of second order kinetics. We consider both concave and convex kinetics and the implications on reactor validation and performance. Furthermore, we enhance our previously presented theoretical analysis to back-up our numerical results. |
LUNCH, 12:00-1:20 PM |
Session: Water Reuse 3Room: SeascapeModerator: Jens Scheideler Degradation and Detoxification of Contaminants of Emerging Concern by UV/H2O2 in Water Reuse Applications Ying Huang, University of Cincinnati; Ying Huang, Yiqing Liu, Wael Abdelraheem, Scott Coffin, Elvis Genbo Xu, Daniel Schlenk, Susan D. Richardson, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 1:20 PM - 1:40 PM Degradation and Detoxification of Contaminants of Emerging Concern by UV/H2O2 in Water Reuse ApplicationsYing Huang, University of Cincinnati; Ying Huang, Yiqing Liu, Wael Abdelraheem, Scott Coffin, Elvis Genbo Xu, Daniel Schlenk, Susan D. Richardson, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are increasingly being detected in drinking water supplies and treated wastewater effluent, which may pose human and ecological health risk. Moreover, the transformation products of these chemicals in the water treatment processes might have greater toxicity than the parent compounds. Therefore, UV based-advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were applied to efficiently remove CEC in water reuse. Specifically, low-pressure UV-C/H2O2 and LED-UV-C/H2O2 were evaluated and compared for the degradation of a mixture of five CEC, including diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), triclosan (TCS), bisphenol A (BPA), and estrone (E1). Operation parameters such as H2O2 dosage, initial concentration of pollutants, and pH were investigated and optimized. The field water samples from Orange County Water District were used to test the application of (LP)-UV-C/H2O2 to remove the mixture of five CEC. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity studies for the treated water by LP-UV-C/H2O2 were carried out to evaluate the applicability of the proposed treatment methods. Using CYP1A-BLA LS180 cells in MTT assay, results indicated the cytotoxicity of treated TCS, BPA, and E1 as well as mixture of the five compounds was not changed by treatment. The original and treated IBP showed little cytotoxicity. Interesting, the cytotoxicity of DCF significantly decreased after treatment, indicating a lower cytotoxicity of the transformation products of DCF. Finally, transformation products of DCF, TCS, BPA, IBP, and E1 were further investigated by Q-TOF LC/MS to find out the possible degradation pathways. In conclusion, UV-C/H2O2 is a promising AOP to degrade CECs for water reuse and detoxification applications. Investigation of Quartz Sleeve Hazing UV/AOP System for Potable Reuse Jana Safarik, Orange County Water District; Kenneth P. Ishida 1:40 PM - 2:00 PM Investigation of Quartz Sleeve Hazing UV/AOP System for Potable ReuseJana Safarik, Orange County Water District; Kenneth P. Ishida The ultraviolet / hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) advanced oxidation system at Orange County Water District’s advanced recycled water treatment facility is the last step of the water purification process. Each of the 13, 8.75-mgd Trojan Technologies UVPhox trains has six reactors, each reactor holding 72 low-pressure high-output mercury amalgam lamps inside quartz sleeves. During routine maintenance, staff noticed moisture and hazing on the inside of the quartz sleeves in areas where the Teflon O-ring contacts the surface of the lamp. SEM/EDS performed on hazed quartz sleeves and Teflon O-rings showed significant degradation. EDS identified silicon and oxygen on both virgin and hazed quartz sleeves. EDS showed oxygen incorporated into the surface of UV-exposed Teflon, presumably due to oxidation of the polymer. One hypothesis is that a layer of condensed water forms on the cooler interior of the UV sleeves, and hydrofluoric (HF) gas produced from Teflon oxidation is rapidly solubilized, thereby etching the quartz surface. To test the hypothesis, four groups of new sleeves and lamps were installed; the control group was installed according to standard operating procedures, a wet group where water was added to the quartz sleeve to test if moisture supports the formation of a corrosive environment, an HF absorbent group with an HF neutralizer/absorbent to prevent acid build-up and etching, and a group where the Teflon O-rings were removed. Both the use of an HF absorbent and the removal of the Teflon O-rings were effective in preventing quartz sleeve etching. The findings support the hypothesis that moisture build-up combined with HF formation from Teflon oxidation results in acid etching of the quartz sleeves, creating a clouding effect. First Full Scale UV Hypo AOP System For Potable Reuse Put To The Test – Review Of The First Months Of Operation Jens Scheideler, Xylem Inc; Slavica Hammond, Roshank Aflaki, Keel Robinson, Seun Tag Oh, T. Thibodeaux 2:00 PM - 2:20 PM First Full Scale UV Hypo AOP System For Potable Reuse Put To The Test – Review Of The First Months Of OperationJens Scheideler, Xylem Inc; Slavica Hammond, Roshank Aflaki, Keel Robinson, Seun Tag Oh, T. Thibodeaux As the Los Angeles Sanitation (LASAN) continues to leverage reuse at the newly expanded Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant (TIWRP) to supply water resources to meet the demands of the greater Los Angeles area, this paper provides guidance on how a new AOP process has been implemented starting from initial bench-and pilot-scale testing to the full-scale design, commissioning, and operation at a 12 MGD indirect potable reuse plant. The combination of ultraviolet light and sodium hypochlorite has become a viable Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) alternative for potable reuse because of its economic benefits when compared to the traditional UV-based AOP with hydrogen peroxide. The technology selection and sizing data were gained from a 12 month pilot study at TIWRP leading to the first greenfield UV/hypchlorite AOP design in the world. Critical control points such as pH, scavenging potential, UV dose, and free chlorine concentration are presented along with how they were considered for the full-scale design to comply with California's groundwater recharge regulations. Results of the full-scale start-up, commissioning, and acceptance of the 12 MGD AOP system will be provided and compared to design assumptions. Perspectives from both the manufacturer and the utility will be represented regarding this innovative application that is influencing potable reuse projects in California and beyond. Lessons learned from UV startup and checkpoint bioassay testing to meet NWRI UV Requirements for California's Title 22 Recycled Water Use Brooke Wright, Stantec; Billy Wong, Melanie Holmer, Kati Bell 2:20 PM - 2:40 PM Lessons learned from UV startup and checkpoint bioassay testing to meet NWRI UV Requirements for California's Title 22 Recycled Water UseBrooke Wright, Stantec; Billy Wong, Melanie Holmer, Kati Bell This presentation will describe a case-study for start-up and testing of a 9 mgd low-pressure, high-output in-channel UV system for a California Title 22 reuse application. There were a number of “lessons learned” that can be organized into two main categories: (1) managing the complexities of planning for performance and bioassay testing, and (2) operational challenges of meeting specified design criteria during bioassay and performance testing (including flow, target dose, and total coliform requirements). Coordination of performance testing and the checkpoint bioassay protocols at full-scale present complex challenges with respect to both water routing and timing. The recycled water used for testing is not yet compliant with or permitted by the Division of Drinking Water (DDW) for California’s Title 22 recycled water use. Test planning and execution had to include provisions for recycled water return to prevent discharge of unpermitted water to users. Several operational challenges were also encountered during testing. In addition to programming revisions, physical modifications were needed to the existing chlorine contact basin to allow automatic operation for uniform flow. The automated flow control was implemented after the initial testing because the manufacturer indicated that flow rates increased too quickly during bioassay testing, resulting in high water levels and a DDW restriction of 4 mgd per channel instead of the designed 4.5 mgd. The presentation will cover these challenges, as well as others encountered during this process; these “lessons learned” provide valuable insight for other manufacturers, engineers, and operators planning to implement similar Title 22 UV systems. | Session: How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 1Room: PeninsulaModerator:Dr. Dianne Poster and Dr. Yaw Obeng, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 1 Panelists: Troy Cowan, Vision Based Consulting, Dr. Richard Martinello, Yale School of Medicine, Dr. Cameron Miller, NIST, and Dr. Michael Postek, NIST 1:20 PM - 2:40 PM How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 1Session 1’s Panel will present an assessment of current regulatory, scientific and medical realities of HAIs and propose options for developing efficacy standards for UV-C disinfecting devices, and their potential benefits if implemented. Presenting will be
A panel discussion of the above will follow the presentations, to include coverage of prepared questions and responding to questions from the floor. |
BREAK, 2:40-3:20 PM |
Session: Reactor DesignRoom: SeascapeModerator: Yuri Lawryshyn Non contact UV. Commissioning, Startup and operation compared to horizontal, inclined or vertical systems Arne Diering, Enaqua; Arijit Sarkar 3:20 PM - 3:40 PM Non contact UV. Commissioning, Startup and operation compared to horizontal, inclined or vertical systemsArne Diering, Enaqua; Arijit Sarkar p>The non contact UV concept is a very different approach for disinfection. The water runs through Polymer tubes which are surounded by UV lamps.Said this the UV unit is an open channel "closed" UV disinfection system. It always comes with a channel included. This gives an enormous flexibility for installation as inpiped or in channel (retrofit or greenfield). An enormous health and safety aspect comes with this kind of unit as the operator will be not in contact with any waste water changing lamps or ballasts.Cleaning is down to a minimum due to hydrophobic and non microporoues structure of the tube material. Beside this the hydraulics allow higher flow velocities which are leading to selfscouring effects in the tubes and help to prohibit scaling or fouling. Overall this concept shows a lot of advantages in comparision to existing "submerged" systems.Quartz Sleeve Fouling Prevention while Maintaining Maximum Electrical Efficiency Ludwig Dinkloh, Xylem Services GmbH; Kirsten Meyer, Dr. Christian Bokermann 3:40 PM - 4:00 PM Quartz Sleeve Fouling Prevention while Maintaining Maximum Electrical EfficiencyLudwig Dinkloh, Xylem Services GmbH; Kirsten Meyer, Dr. Christian Bokermann The benefits of a chemical-free UV disinfection step for all kinds of effluents have led to consistent growth as they are selected to replace existing chlorination steps. Besides lamp replacement, two other aspects typically dominate the operating costs of a UV system, which are even correlated:
Since any UV system relies on the conversion of electrical energy to UV light, there is an obvious challenge for all UV manufacturers to build/design their particular UV systems as efficiently as possible, consuming as little electrical energy per flow unit. The choice of lamp technology, ballast technology (incl. cooling) and operating philosophy will determine the overall efficiency level which can vary between a kWh/(m³/h) / b kWh/MGD and c kWh/(m³/h) / d kWh/MGD (based upon secondary effluent, x% UVT, UV dose y mJ/cm² based upon z). Since the UV lamps are not immersed directly into the effluent, the cleanliness of the protective material will impact the operational costs in 3 ways:
This paper reviews the various cleaning system strategies available today including but not limited to mechanical wiping, chemical wiping and use of different (“non fouling”) materials. Basis of comparison is the TOTEX (CAPEX plus OPEX) approach thus also providing benchmark possibilities. Finally, a newly designed mechanical wiping system is shown that effectively keeps the quartz sleeves clean even at effluents with a high fouling potential, thus maintaining maximum electrical efficiency. An operators’ perspective: How new UV system designs simplify maintenance efforts Kirsten Meyer, Xylem Services GmbH; Jeff Lamson, Fremont Water Reclamation Center, 1019 Sand Road, Fremont, Ohio 43420 4:00 PM - 4:20 PM An operators’ perspective: How new UV system designs simplify maintenance effortsKirsten Meyer, Xylem Services GmbH; Jeff Lamson, Fremont Water Reclamation Center, 1019 Sand Road, Fremont, Ohio 43420 While UV systems have been well established as alternate disinfection technology over the past decade, newly designed open channel UV systems aimed at simplifying installation and maintenance works in order to ease the operators’ life. The presentation will illustrate how a newly designed open channel UV wastewater system employing latest low pressure high intensity UV lamps helps to e.g. reduce the manpower required to run regular lamp replacement works and to give easy access to all relevant components of a UV module. Being already installed in nearly 100 different sites around the world, the benefits of this new design will be reviewed on the example of an installation in Ohio. Placed in service in spring 2016, the UV system delivered consistently high disinfection results, while the required operator attendance was minimized. Even taking the system out of service during the winter season, when disinfection is not required, was simplified with the new technology. Thus, these new designs further help operators to switch from chemical disinfection to UV as alternate technology and in parallel reducing the man-power to assure reliable disinfection. Impact of Sleeve Quartz Quality to the Total Costs of Ownership for UV Water Purification Systems Klaus Zoltner, Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co KG; Klaus Zoltner, Björn Roos 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM Impact of Sleeve Quartz Quality to the Total Costs of Ownership for UV Water Purification SystemsKlaus Zoltner, Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co KG; Klaus Zoltner, Björn Roos Nowadays, the importance of the total cost of owner ship for UV purification systems takes more and more impact to decide about the used UV purification system. Especially, parameters like total uptime, system dimension, maintenance cycles and energy consumptions are gaining in importance. One of the main parts in a UV purification system are the quartz sleeves, protecting the UV lamps from the direct contact to the media. We show in our publication, that the impact of the quality of quartz sleeves to the total costs of ownership are significant. Quartz differs in quality, in particular quality is specified by transmission, UV stability (solarization/aging) and costs. In our model, we investigate the impact of three different quartz qualities a) low purified natural quartz b) highly purified natural quartz (HLQ200) c) synthetic fused silica (Purasil XP) to the total costs of owner ship. The model is based on existing UV purification systems applied for drinking water (254nm) and DI process water (185nm). We show that by using synthetic fused silica, system uptime, maintenance cycles, energy consumption and therefore the total costs of owner ship are significantly improved. Depending on the system design and system location savings up to 60% can be achieved. Development of UV Reactor Design Code using Potential Flow Theory and Multiple Segment Source Summation Jeong Gyu Bak, Neotec Co.; Hyosun Kim 4:40 PM - 5:00 PM Development of UV Reactor Design Code using Potential Flow Theory and Multiple Segment Source SummationJeong Gyu Bak, Neotec Co.; Hyosun Kim A classic problem in fluid dynamics is to determine the velocity and pressure in systems due to the fluid flow. The numerical method based on potential flow theory is relatively old method which draws its beginnings with first appearance of computers. The last couple of decades, the potential flow solver is suppressed and today, finite volume method (FVM) based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stocks (RANS) equation is probably the most widely used method for numerical flow analysis. However still, FVM is somewhat expensive way. At the conceptual design stage, especially, various conditions such as lamp configuration, flow rate, UV transmittance should be examined, however, FVM is not suitable because it takes much computational time. On the other hand, potential flow solvers have relatively low fidelity but are still widely used in aircraft aerodynamics and marine hydrodynamics because of their computational speed. In this work, UV reactor design method using potential flow theory is proposed. Velocity fields were combined with a multiple segment source summation (MSSS) fluence rate model and experimental based microbial response kinetic model to calculate the disinfection process in two UV reactors. Microbial transport was calculated using the stream line. The results show that reduction equivalent dose (RED) had a difference compared to RANS based FVM, however they can be corrected through the correction factor. Overall, it is found that the proposed method is effective for UV reactor design. | Session: How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 2Room: PeninsulaModerator: Dr. Martinello, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 2 - Session 2A Panelists: Dr. Zachary Rubin, Medical Director, UCLA Clinical Epidemiology & Infection Prevention, Dr. John M. Boyce, J.M. Boyce Consulting, LLC, Dr. Richard Martinello, Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, Tariq Amlani, P.Eng., Principal, Stantec 3:20 PM - 4:05 PM How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 2 - Session 2ASession 2a’s panel of senior healthcare facility executives (to be named) will present perspectives across several hospital managerial and operational levels involved in infection control decisions (e.g., Sr. VP/CFO, Dir. of Epidemiology, Infection Control Manager, to the Environmental Services Mgr.), highlighting what factors are key when making decisions on potentially adding UV technologies to their disinfection protocols. They will also respond to 3-4 pre-vetted questions on efficacy standards, and questions from the floor. How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 2 - Session 2B Panelists: Meredith Stines, President/CEO of American Ultraviolet, Chuck Dunn, CEO of Tru-D SmartUVC, Barry Hunt, President & CEO of Class 1 Inc., Ashish Mathur, VP, Innovation & Technology of UVDI, Adam Steinhoff, COO of Solaris Disinfection Inc. 4:15 PM - 5:00 PM How UV-C Technologies and Standards Fit in the Fight Against Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) 2 - Session 2BSession 2b will showcase various types of UV-C devices available to fight HAIs. Its panel of 5-6 UV antimicrobial device company representatives will briefly discuss their technologies and discriminators, and give their views on 3-4 pre-vetted questions on efficacy standards, before taking questions from the floor. |
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